Mohammed Zahid Saadoon1, David I Adam2
1 Ashty Teaching Hospital
Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
mzsmaxillofacial@gmail.com
2 OSTEOOTECH UK LIMITED
London – UK
davidibrahamadam@gmail.com
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 1
Craniofacial Growth Insights: The Growing Skull — Different Boundaries, Different Results
Abstract
Craniofacial growth is an important area that needs deep investigation. In this paper, we want to introduce important aspects of this area related to the configuration of the boundary conditions. The different deformable regions need different loadings to attain the needed strain.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 2
Craniofacial Growth Insights: Coordination: Lambdoid suture evolution as an example
Abstract
The growth is guided by the mechanical properties of the tissue. The deformation of the different tissues represents the best mechanical feedback for the tissues. These changes are governed by cellular responses that lead to metamorphosis. The sutures will develop an increase in stiffness, represented by higher mineral content and ossification. We want to investigate how the evolving bony suture will affect the other regions' deformation.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 3
Craniofacial Growth Insights: Achondroplasia numerical model
Abstract
Comprehension of biological models via an engineering parametric approach provides invaluable resources of information and correlates the dynamic changes that stand behind the biological consistent results. In this paper, we want to introduce many mechanical aspects of the deformations associated with mechanical events in the craniofacial region. Normal or abnormal anatomy should be compared based on a parametric approach. We have introduced many models related to craniofacial growth. In this paper, we want to introduce a model that mimics skull structure deformation in two models: one represents normal anatomy, and the second represents a model affected by achondroplasia. The key point related to craniofacial growth is the sutures and synchondroses. The abnormal model represents a highly calcified sphenoid bone, making the sphenoid bone stiffer. The results are highly consistent with biological findings as well as the previously presented model in our previous papers. Although it happens in the growing age group, we will unify the model used to attain results comprehensible to researchers.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 4
Craniofacial Growth Insights: Reciprocal mode in the growing craniofacial structures
Abstract
The growth needs muscle stimulation to be performed. The loading needs to be applied in a predefined manner and be consistent with the weakening of the developing domain. The muscles are arranged in the best way that provides the best stimulation for growth. In this paper, we want to highlight the importance of the different muscles' actions to provide the reciprocal loading pattern.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 5
Craniofacial Growth Insights: Lateral pterygoid as a reciprocal strain producer at the base of the skull
Abstract
The lateral pterygoid has an important action in mandibular movement. In this paper, we want to investigate its importance as a strain generator at the base of the skull.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 6
Strain Insights: Prestrain release due to osteotomy, a novel numerical model
Abstract
Prestrain is one of the inherited features of the natural organic material. It has many implications. Its release has many effects, and some of the tissue responses are guided by its release. In this paper, we want to discuss this aspect by presenting a model and highlighting some of its issues.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 7
Strain Insights: Prestrain in the laminated structure of the osteon: a novel numerical model of the basic building unit of bone
Abstract
Bone material is a complex laminated material with unique orthotropicity. The presence of bone prestrain should be introduced into the numerical models to present a complete representation of the mechanical issues of the bone. In this paper, we want to introduce this feature to the numerical model presented in our previous paper.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 8
Strain Insights: Osteon Lamination Importance
Abstract
Bone is an extremely complex material with different responses to mechanical loading. The bone material should be defined at different levels. At each level, the cellular and bone matrix response designed to convert the mechanical loading into chemical signals via osteocytes. These steps need to be engineeringly demonstrated.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 9
Gradient of stiffness: Zainab's law application
Abstract
Biological model representation should have a certain degree of fidelity and should be honest in introducing the reality and anatomical structures. Nevertheless, simplification is a must. Balancing requires both biological and engineering insights. In this paper, we want to introduce numerical models that emphasizing the one of the most important issues in dentistry, which is the bone interface with teeth and titanium implants.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 10
Reciprocal effect of orthotropicity on the performance of the bone
Abstract
Imagination the bone as a solid, homogeneous material is a highly erroneous assumption. Bone is a laminated, fibrous-reinforced like composite, where osteons act as the reinforcement fibers. This will affect the orientation of the fibers as well as the distribution of the osseous material. In this paper, we want to demonstrate the effect of this concept on different sides of the mechanical performance of the bone, paying special attention to the jaws as an anatomical region with special embryogenesis and function.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 11
Topology optimization of the jaws
Abstract
Topology optimization is simply the method of considering the least material to stay that match the needed loads and erase all other remaining from the design. Skeleton is optimized to perform with the least possible material. This reduction had many biological and mechanical implications. In this paper we want to introduce the model of topology optimization using our universal mandibular model.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 12
Craniofacial weakenings: linear response model for physiological stimulation and growth insights
Abstract
The bone physiological stimulation needs mechanical stimulation that is aided by the bony configuration itself. It allows for the provision of the deformation needed. In this paper, we want to investigate the effect of the proposed bone configuration in providing the needed stimulation for completion of the needed physiological strain and the derivative conclusions that could be drawn on the growth process.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 13
Craniofacial weakenings: Nonlinear response model for craniofacial trauma representation
Abstract
In the 1st paper in this section, we discussed the effect of skull weakening on the mechanical response of the craniofacial structures. The anatomical macro features play a significant role in determining the response to trauma. In this paper, we want to investigate the difference between the stiffest skull configuration and the softest skull configuration.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 14
Craniofacial weakenings: Insights on orbital anatomy biomechanics
Abstract
Orbit play an essential role in the Juman life. It houses the visual organ and its accessory structures. It has a unique configuration. This configuration allows for great room for stiffness reduction. The position of the orbit obligates such a design. We have no active effect of the orbit but rather just we have passive effect on the stiffness. In this paper, we want to investigate the effect of the orbit on the mechanical response of the craniofacial skeleton.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 14
Craniofacial weakenings: importance of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus from a mechanical point of view
Abstract
The nasal cavity plays a significant role in one of the most important vital functions, namely respiration. Its presence affects the mechanical performance of the craniofacial region both passively and actively. Its epithelial lining has a very important effect on the response of other mesenchymal tissues. In this paper, we want to investigate the effect of the presence of the nasal cavity on growth and the trauma response from a mechanical point of view.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 16
Craniofacial weakenings: Importance of the pterygomaxillary fissure in modulating the skull response
Abstract
In previous papers, we had discussed the importance of the cavities and discontinuities in the craniofacial structures. In the current paper, we want to investigate the importance of limiting the junction of the maxillo-pterygoid to the base of the skull to only the pterygomaxillary junction. The pterygomaxillary fissure is of paramount importance in manipulating craniofacial deformation and responses to the loads.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 17
Craniofacial weakenings: insight on the effect of ethmoid air cells on the craniofacial response
Abstract
The ethmoid bone and its configuration play a very important role from a mechanical point of view. It modifies the whole mechanical response of the midface.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 18
Effect of bone macrodensity on the response
Abstract
Bone regions are highly variable across individuals and across the same person. In this paper, we want to emphasize this issue.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 19
Bone density post-extraction: persistently low-density alveolar process
Abstract
Bone density in many regions could be very low. The bone post-extraction either assumes low density with less loss in bone volume or undergoes resorption with concurrent bone volume loss to match the reduced stiffness when the teeth are present. In this paper, we introduced the model of reduced density to match the unresorbed dentulous ridge.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 18
Importance of the compliant mechanism in macro-anatomy response
Abstract
The arrangement of the bone trabeculae or macroanatomical features, such as the central part of the midface, is in thin surfaces that are a perfect model to represent the compliant mechanism. The arrangement of multiple interlacing flat bones should be understood in terms of geometrical nonlinearity. In this paper, we want to shed light on the effect of the flat bones' orientation on the mechanical response.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 21
Peri-implant bone healing and formation: novel numerical model
Abstract
The development of the density that could be tracked histologically or radiographically in the fracture had been consistent. Engineering-wise, this had been represented in many numerical models. In this model, for the first time, we introduced well-defined criteria in orthopedic surgery in the field of dental implants.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 22
Bone breach and implant presence: how bone will be affected, novel numerical model
Abstract
Implant osseointegration passes through multiple stages. Each stage has its dominant mechanical properties. In this paper, we want to introduce a numerical model that conveys the well-established biomechanical basis to researchers in the field of dental implantology via the state-of-the-art mechanical engineering tool, namely finite element analysis. In this model, we want to investigate the interaction of the osteotomy with the fibrous
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 23
Osteosynthesis hardware stiffness effect on biocompatibility during fracture healing and transition from fracture hematoma to well-organized lamellar bone
Abstract
We want to introduce this simple yet very important model to gain 2 goals:
It is a preliminary concept that is a prerequisite to understand the bone-implant interactions, whether it is a dental or orthopedic implant.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 24
POP fixation vs. PEEK plate from a biomechanical perspective
Abstract
Splinting of the extremities in the event of fracture leads to stabilization of the fracture sites and, eventually, healing will be achieved. Plating is an available alternative that produces satisfactory results with early practice
In this paper, we want to introduce 2 models
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 24
Effect of osteosynthesis hardware stiffness on biocompatibility after fracture healing and bone formation
Abstract
The determination of the time at which healing has been achieved, and the removal of the fixation plate, free of the early refracture event, is crucial. Accordingly, waiting could be a prudent choice. In this paper, we want to discuss the effect of the fixation plate on bone remodeling after completion of the healing period. The current models are based on the models presented in the previous papers.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 26
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 1: Titanium dental implants' effect on passive stiffness of bone
Abstract
Titanium implant placement in the bone had a significant passive effect on bone physiology. This effect had been recognized early in the orthopedics department after placement of stiff hardware. In this paper, we want to investigate the effect of the presence of the dental implants on the passive stiffness of the jaw bones. The results are in consistency with the previous authors' work denoting the need to consider these issues when choosing dental implants.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 27
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 2: Titanium dental implant lengths' effect on the trauma response of bone
Abstract
Titanium implant placement in the bone had a significant passive effect on trauma response. This concern should be addressed in the dental implantology field, as this issue has been well recognized in the field of orthopedic surgery (1). In this paper, we want to investigate this issue based on the models we presented earlier in this series.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 28
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 3: Titanium dental implant lengths' effect on active stiffness of bone
Abstract
Titanium implant placement in the bone had passive significant passive effect on bone physiology. This effect has been recognized early in the orthopedics department as well as in the craniofacial region. In this paper, we want to investigate the effect of the presence of the dental implants on the active stiffness of the jaw bones. The results are in consistency with the previous authors' work denoting the need to consider these issues when choosing dental implant designs and protocols.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 29
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 4: Titanium dental implants' taperness effect on passive stiffness of bone
Abstract
The tapered implant had less mass that is reflected in the domain be les stiffening action. Apart from the more demanding procedure of the non-tapered, heavier-in-mass Titanium dental implants. The higher mass is less favourable in terms of the effect on the total passiveness of the bone. In this paper, we want to investigate this issue from a mechanical point of view.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 30
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 5: Could implant length affect the mechanical performance of the implant-abutment connection? Even for the same connection
Abstract
The implant abutment connection job is to transfer the loads from the abutment to the bone via the implant. The connection would be affected by the implant length. In this paper, we want to investigate this issue.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 31
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 6: Effect of dental follicle on passive stiffness of bone
Abstract
The presence of the dental follicles below the deciduous teeth is of paramount importance in modifying the mechanical properties of the bone. This modification should be understood based on
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 32
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 7: Effect of levering on the passive stiffness of bone: new concept in comprehension of eruption timing
Abstract
Eruption timing is a precisely calibrated process. It has a mechanical arm as well as a biological arm. The eruption model of the teeth should be understood in the context of the understanding of the dental follicle role. 2 stages of tooth eruption are mandatory to provide transitional movement toward eruption. With every hard tissue formation, reciprocation in loading is mandatory to form new bone; the dental follicle plays a significant role in weakening the jaws.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 33
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 8: Effect of gubernacular on tooth eruption due to mechanical deformation, possible correlation with Cherubism
Abstract
The presence of the gubernacular canal is of paramount importance for tooth eruption. It prove well calibrate weakening effect similar to the presence of teeth or dental follicles. In this paper, we want to emphasize its effect from a biomechanical point of view.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 34
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 9: Effect of levering passive stiffness of bone on tooth eruption due to mechanical deformation
Mohammed Zahid Saadoon1, David I Adam2
Abstract
The presence of the deciduous teeth is not without biological consideration. The transition from stage to stage will pass via multiple changes. The teeth carrying portion of the mandible is responsible for a great portion of the mandible. In this paper, we want to simulate multiple models to highlight the concept of levering and the effect of tooth configuration on tooth movement, including eruption.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 35
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 10: Effect of levering passive stiffness of bone on tooth eruption due to tissue plasticity
Abstract
The presence of the deciduous teeth is not without biological consideration. The transition from stage to stage will pass via multiple changes. The teeth carrying portion of the mandible is responsible for a great portion of the mandible. In this paper, we want to simulate multiple models to highlight the concept of leveling. In this paper, we want to investigate the effect of PD plasticity.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 36
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 11: What if the deciduous dentition and permanent teeth follicles are made of Titanium? The backward, myopic vision of the pre-scientific era
Abstract
In many instances, the cystic lesion represents a hollowed space within the bone and is considered equivalent to a solid lesion that has stiff adhesion with the bone. In this paper, we want to investigate this issue.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 37
Stiffness in dental implantology, part 12: Effect of the cone height on implant performance
Abstract
The cone region of the implant abutment connection is the most important issue in implant evaluation. In this paper, we want to study the effect of the cone length on performance.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 38
Stress shielding in implant dentistry series: Biologically favourable vs. mechanically favourable implant
Abstract
Some implants are weaker than others due to their design features but give more and better stimulation
Many implants had 2 forms of design
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 39
Polymeric dental implants: An entry to Erbil implant understanding. Active stiffness evaluation
Abstract
Polymeric implant material is an excellent material to restore hard tissue in many sites and conditions. It is very beneficial in restoring non-bearing faces and load-bearing portions of the bone. (1). The main feature is its low modulus of elasticity and higher Poisson's ratio. They are excellent in providing proper stress transmission according to Zainab's law and stimulate bone properly, resulting in shielding of the bone from the stress shielding phenomenon. The conversion of an implant from a 2-piece design to a one-piece design is a prudent design step that should be thought about carefully.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 40
Polymeric dental implants: Erbil implant and Soran abutment active stiffness
Abstract
The peri-implant bone changes should be tuned by selecting the proper gradient of stiffness. In this paper, we want to introduce a radical move in implant dentistry named cemented abutment and demonstrate many concepts
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 41
Polymeric dental implants: Short nitinol post due to resorption or poor manufacturing
Abstract
In many times, bone resorption can lead to bone loss. In this paper, we want to simulate what will happen in the case of bone resorption. Poor manufacturing could result in a similar condition. Mismatching of the production from the intended plan could result in poor performance, rendering the implant to be unsalvageable. In this paper, we want to introduce such a model. These models are of paramount importance, especially with materials of high strain and low modulus of elasticity that lead to low stiffness domains.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 42
Effect of local stiffness reduction by socket shield technique on stress shield occurrence prevention and the survivability of thin labial cortical plate
Abstract
Socket shield is a technique used in implant site preparation of the site, aiming to preserve the labial or buccal plate from resorption, providing long-standing and functional criteria by preserving bone volume.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 43
Does the cone affect labial plate resorption? Choose well if you can't do a socket shield
Abstract
Two important issues should be considered carefully about the performance of the implant when the connecting screw is perfectly tightened: long-term performance issues with different designs. The current issue has been discussed in the paper on the importance of the cone angle of the stress shield.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 44
Does the Erbil PEEK implant reduce stress shielding and be a substitute for a socket shield technique
Abstract
The stress shield is related directly to two features: the design of the implant and the selection of the implant material. The arrangement of the implant's different components, which means a gradient of stiffness, will affect the biocompatibility of the implant. The stiffest part should always be at the load application, and the softest part at the bone interface. In this paper, we want to investigate the importance of the current PEEK implant design (Erbil implant) in the reduction of the stress shielding.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 45
Effect of the socket shield on the passive stiffness of the bone from a biomechanical perspective
Abstract
The effect of the local anatomical features on the passive stiffness of the bone should be considered. Socket shield is one of the well-recognized clinical approaches. In the previous paper, we demonstrated its effect on the active stiffness of the bone. In this paper, we want to investigate its effect on the passive stiffness of the bone. The previous model was modified to accept new boundary conditions. The results go in the same direction as the previous paper.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 46
Pre-implant bone remodeling in the case of active stiffness
Abstract
The bone will always change with an increase in density around the dental implants. The loading of the implant will expose the bone in the vicinity to an exaggerated amount of load due to the unmatched stiffness of the Titanium dental implants, which will necessitate unmatched bone corticalization as a normal response. Bone should always be understood as a dynamic tissue. Numerical models have been represented in many instances to simulate bone changes. In this paper, we want to introduce our model about dental implantology that goes in cobordances of our current models.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 47
Peri-implant bone remodeling considering the passive stiffness change with titanium implants or PEEK or teethed PEEK implants
Abstract
Bone will always change, with increased density around the dental implants even before loading of these implants. In a previous paper, we demonstrated many aspects about the passive presence of the implant or teeth. In this paper, we want to show the possible effect of Titanium implants, teeth, or PEEK implants on the long-term effect on the bone architecture of the jaws. This approach is intended to change the material according to the possible consistent bone response.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 48
Biphasic bone remodeling theory: simplest model of presenting prestrain due to partial remodeling to explain orthodontic movement, changes, and relapse
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment is one of the most common treatments in modern dental practice. Relapse is one of the results after orthodontic treatment. In the previous paper, we had represent new concept. In this paper, we want to introduce a simple engineering model of the previous theory.
Mechanical Definition of Bone - Article Series, Part 49
Importance of flow consideration within bone material: a novel numerical model
Abstract
Bone is a multiphasic material that has different interactions between these components. Some phases of the bone at the microscopic or even sub-microscopic level are highly soft and fluidy. In this paper, we want to introduce a model that represents the effect of bone fluidity on the performance of the osseous tissue.